Translation

1. Ribosomes are attracted to the G-cap.
2. Two subunits clamp onto mRNA, one bigger and one smaller.  *NOTE:  prokaryotic cells have a 30s small subunit and a 50s big subunit, and Eukaryotic ahve a 40s small subunit and 60s big subunit*
3. Ribosomes moves from 5' to 3' end.
4. Coding starts at AUG codon.
5. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.  tRNA has a structure of a cloverleaf.  tRNA has a section of three bases called the anticodon arm, which attaches to the codon.  amino acid found on 3'end of tRNA, OH end.
6. Three sites in the ribosome:  A (acceptor) site, P (peptide) site, and E (exit site).
7. A tRNA reads the mRNA codon and attaches to the A site, attaches amino acids to its acid, moves to the P site.  another tRNA takes its spot in the A site and bonds the amino acid to itself, and moves to the P site.  the original tRNA moves to the E site and leaves the ribosome.  *NOTE: the first tRNA automatically goes to the P site.*

8. Peptide bonds are created between the amino acids as step number 7 repeats.  As the protein grows, it starts folding to protect itself.
9. Eventually, stop codon is read: UGA, UAG, or UAA.  No amino acids for these condons and so a protein called the release factor helps the polypeptide chain separate from the ribosome.

Note:  Wobble Hypothesis = third nucleotide can be swithced, but still code for the same amino acid.  prevents corruptions and errors.