Review for Macromolecules

Guys, check it:  http://bilingualbiology11a.blogspot.com/2010_09_01_archive.html.  a bio teacher's blog.


Carbohydrates
-Carbs are made of a series of carbon chains with many hydroxyl bonds
-Four types:  monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
-Two types of monosaccharides:  aldose and ketose.  aldose comes from aldehyde end, and ketose has a ketose group, usually on second carbon of the carbohydrate chain.
-Carbohydrates can be in cyclical structures, for alpha, both hydroxyl ends are pointing down, while for beta, at least one hydroxyl end is pointing up.

-Amylose are fats inside plants that have alpha 1-4 bonds, which results in a linear shape
-Amylopectin are fats inside plants also, that have mainly alpha 1-4 bonds, but sometimes have alpha 1-6 bonds, which results in branches
-Glycogen are fats stored by animals.  They are similar in structure to Amylopectin, but have more alpha 1-6 bonds.
-Cellulose is made of glucose with beta 1-4 bonds.  Cellulose found in plant cell walls.
-Carbohydrate monosaccharides use glycosidic bonds to combine with each other (bonding between hydroxyl groups).  this results in production of H20, which is why glycosidic bonds are condensation.
-Glucose + Glucose = Maltose.  Condensation
-Glucose + Galactose = Lactose.  Condensation
-Sucrose = Fructose + Glucose.  Hydrolysis (requires water to break down bonds)

Proteins
-protein structure:  one carboxyl end and one amino end
-proteins made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, a condensation reaction
-shape most important for proteins, four types:  Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
-Primary is just a straight chain
-Secondary is either alpha helix, or beta pleated sheet
-Tertiary is a combination of primary and secondary
-Quaternary is a combination of different primary, secondaries, and Tertiaries.
-Essential proteins are the ones humans need to eat; non-essential are the ones automatically produced by the human body

Lipids
-lipids are stored in animal body as triglycerides in adipose cells/fat cells
-triglycerides are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol.
-saturated acids are linear because they only have single bonds
-unsaturated acids have double bonds, which creates the possibility of bending in the fats.
-unsaturated fats are healthier, as less can be stored, and they can be broken more easily because of their irregular shape.
-glycerol is hydrophilic and fatty acid is hydrophobic.
-a phospholipid is two fatty acids joined by a glycerol
-brown fat is baby fat, used for protection
-steroids are also a lipid
-excess carbs turn into lipids
-USES OF LIPIDS:  digestion, insulation, food storage (energy source), hormones (control), structure of cells, and vitamins to regulate body processes